Missions · Paul's Epistle on Righteousness
Romans — Pauline Epistles
Πρὸς Ῥωμαίους
16 chapters · Paul's most systematic presentation of the gospel — righteousness by faith for both Jew and Gentile, the problem of human sin, justification, sanctification, Israel's future, and practical Christian ethics. The letter that converted Augustine, ignited Luther's Reformation, and warmed Wesley's heart at Aldersgate.
Part I — The Problem
Universal Condemnation
All humanity stands condemned before God. Gentiles suppressed the truth in unrighteousness; Jews had the law but violated it. The catena of OT texts in 3:10–18 seals the verdict: "None righteous, not even one." All have sinned and fall short of God's glory.
Chapters 1 – 3
Part II — The Solution
Justification by Faith
The righteousness of God is revealed through faith in Jesus Christ. Abraham was justified before circumcision. In Adam all die; in Christ all are made alive. The fruits of justification: peace, access, hope. The law was not the answer — grace superabounds where sin abounded.
Chapters 3 – 5
Part III — The New Life
Sanctification & the Spirit
Dead to sin, alive to Christ through baptism. The struggle with the flesh in Romans 7. The crown jewel: Romans 8 — no condemnation, Spirit of adoption, all things work together for good, the golden chain, nothing can separate us from God's love. The Spirit makes the difference.
Chapters 6 – 8
Part IV — Israel's Future
God's Sovereignty & Israel
Has God rejected Israel? Never! Election, hardening, the olive tree analogy. Israel's zeal without knowledge; "everyone who calls on the Lord shall be saved." The mystery: hardening is partial and temporary until the fullness of the Gentiles; then all Israel shall be saved. The unsearchable doxology.
Chapters 9 – 11
Part V — Ethics
Living Sacrifice & Community
The great "therefore" of 12:1 — present your bodies as living sacrifices. Gifts of the Spirit, love without hypocrisy, governing authorities, the strong and the weak, Christ as example. Paul's travel plans: Jerusalem to Spain via Rome. Phoebe commended; 27 individuals greeted by name.
Chapters 12 – 16